1889 – 1920 Modernizing America Supplemental Materials

Exercise and Functional Fashion

Industrialized clothing manufacturing during the second half of the 20^th century paved the way for new department stores. This new urban space helped change the way women lived within the city. Before 1850, it was unusual to see a respectable woman out in public without a male companion. New shopping districts offered places for independent leisure and refreshment. Affluent women could socialize unchaperoned, and working-class women could find white-collar jobs as sales clerks and buyers. At the same time, city parks across the country provided recreational space for women to enjoy independently and where they could engage in physical activities including ice skating and bicycling.

Students will embody the role of creative designer for a 19th century department store on Ladies’ Mile. Their job is to market one of three new recreational outfits worn by the modern woman (a cycling suit, a golf ensemble, or a gym suit) by constructing a three-dimensional window display that exhibits the unique characteristics of their chosen outfit and how it represents the changing societal roles of women.

Immigration and the Great Migration

Picture Brides and Japanese Immigration

• “Historical Feature Articles: Picture Brides.” Hawai’i Digital Newspaper Project.https://sites.google.com/a/hawaii.edu/ndnp-hawaii/Home/historical-feature-articles/picture-brides. Accessed October 3, 2018.
• Hoikkala, Päivi H. “Picture Brides.” In Women in American History, Volume 2, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017, pp. 342-343.
• “Wants Husbands for Thousands of Picture Brides.” Honolulu star-bulletin. May 6, 1915. Page 3.

Black Life in the Urban North

• DeSantis, Alan. “Selling the American Dream Myth to Black Southerners: The Chicago Defender and the Great Migration, 1915–1919.” In Western Journal of Communication, Fall 1998, pp. 474-475.
• Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume 2. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.
• Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
• Stovall, Mary E. “The ‘Chicago Defender’ in the Progressive Era,” Illinois Historical Journal, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Autumn, 1990): 159-172.
• Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. New York: Vintage Books, 2010.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Migrating North

• Chatelain, Marcia. South Side Girls: Growing Up in the Great Migration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
  Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration. New York: Vintage Books, 2010.

Life In the Tenements

• History.com Editors, “Tenements,” https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/tenements 
• Library of Congress, “City Life in the Late 19th Century,” https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/city-life-in-late-19th-century/ 
• Library of Congress, “Immigrants in the Progressive Era,” https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/immigrants-in-progressive-era/ 
• Library of Congress, “Jacob Riis: Revealing “How the Other Half Lives,” https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jacob-riis/riis-and-reform.html 

Medical Exams on Ellis Island

• Adam Cohen, “This Jigsaw Puzzle Was Given to Ellis Island Immigrants to Test Their Intelligence,” in Smithsonian Magazine, May 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/puzzle-given-ellis-island-immigrants-test-intelligence-180962779/ 
• Amy L. Fairchild, Science at the Borders: Immigrant Medical Inspection and the Shaping of the Modern Industrial Labor Force, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
• “Ellis Island,” https://www.statueofliberty.org/ellis-island/overview-history/ 

Life Story: Edith Maude Eaton (aka Sui Sin Far)

• Chapman, Mary, ed. Becoming Sui Sin Far: Early Fiction, Journalism, and Travel Writing by Edith Maude Eaton. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2016.
• Far, Sui Sin. Mrs. Spring Fragrance. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1912.
• Popel, Elliott. “Sui Sin Far (1865–1914).” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 157-158. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.

Life Story: Paik Kuang Sun, aka Mary Paik Lee

• Lee, Mary Paik. Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2019.
• Sirui Qin, “The Story of Mary Paik Lee, A Korean-American Immigrant,” in Medium, 1 May 2004, https://medium.com/@siruiqin/the-story-of-mary-paik-lee-a-korean-american-immigrant-3f323a849cc7  
• Regents of the University of California, “Asian American Riverside: Mary Paik Lee,” https://asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/MaryPaikLee.html 

Life Story: Mother Cabrini

• Colorado Women’s Hall of Fame, “Frances Xavier Cabrini (Mother Cabrini),” https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/frances-xavier-cabrini-mother-cabrini/  
• Nick Ripatrazone, “Mother Cabrini, the First American Saint of the Catholic Church,” in National Endowment for the Humanities,  https://www.neh.gov/article/mother-cabrini-first-american-saint-catholic-church  
• “Saint Frances Xavier Cabrini: Apostle of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus,” https://www.salvemariaregina.info/Martyrologies/Cabrini.html 
• St. Frances Cabrini Shrine, “About Mother Cabrini,” https://cabrinishrinenyc.org/about-st-cabrini/  

Life Story: Kala Bagai

• “Kala Bagai,” in South Asian American Digital Archive, https://www.saada.org/project/timeline/kala-bagai  
• Stanford Libraries, “Kala Bagai,” https://exhibits.stanford.edu/riseup/feature/kala-bagai 
• “Kala Bagai Way in Downtown Berkeley,” in Berkeley South Asian Radical History Walking Tour,   https://www.berkeleysouthasian.org/kala-bagai.html   
• Rani Bagai, “Opinion: Berkeley might name a street after Kala Bagai. This is her story,” in Berkeleyside, 12 March 2020, https://www.berkeleyside.org/2020/03/12/opinion-berkeley-might-name-a-street-after-kala-bagai-this-is-her-story 

Women’s Suffrage

Together for Home and Family

• Goodman, Helen. “Women Illustrators of the Golden Age of American Illustration.” Woman’s Art Journal 8, no. 1 (1987): 13-22. doi:10.2307/1358335.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Arguments for and Against Suffrage

• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Black Suffragists

• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Southern Anti-Suffrage

• Green, Elna C. “Those Opposed: The Antisuffragists in North Carolina, 1900–1920.” The North Carolina Historical Review 67, no. 3 (1990): 315-33.
• McRae, Elizabeth Gillespie. “Caretakers of Southern Civilization: Georgia Women and the Anti-Suffrage Campaign, 1914–1920.” The Georgia Historical Quarterly 82, no. 4 (1998): 801-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40583906.
• Schultz, Jane E. “States’ Rights or Women’s Rights?” The Women’s Review of Books 11, no. 7 (1994): 29‑30. doi:10.2307/4021835.
• Weiss, Elaine. The Woman’s Hour. New York: Viking Press, 2018.

Election Day 1920

• Weiss, Elaine. The Woman’s Hour. New York: Viking Press, 2018.

The NAACP Fights to Protect Voters

• United States Congress. “Sixty-Sixth Congress.” Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, (1774–2005).
• U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on the Census, Hearings before the Committee on the Census. 66th Congress, 3rd Session. December 1920.
• Weiss, Elaine. The Woman’s Hour. New York: Viking Press, 2018.

Reaching Spanish Speaking Voters

• Brandman, Mariana. “Maria Guadalupe Evangelina de Lopez.” National Women’s History Museum, 2020. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/maria-guadalupe-evangelina-de-lopez.
• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Cooney, Robert P. J., Jr. “A Brief Summary of the 1911 Campaign.” California Women Suffrage Centennial, https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens-suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial.

Race and the Suffrage Parade

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Johnson, Dr. C. Elisabeth Palmer. “Nellie May Quander, February 11, 1880–September 24, 1961.” Turning Point Suffrage Memorial, https://suffragistmemorial.org/nellie-may-quander-february-11-1880-september-24-1961/.
• Jones, Martha S. Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All. New York: Basic Books, 2020.

Mabel Lee on the Women’s Suffrage Movement

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

Race and Suffrage

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Johnson, Kenneth R. “Kate Gordon and the Woman-Suffrage Movement in the South.” The Journal of Southern History 38, no. 3 (1972): 365–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2206099.
• Jones, Martha S. Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All. New York: Basic Books, 2020.

Zitkala-Sa Advocates for Indigenous Rights

• Brandman, Mariana. “Maria Guadalupe Evangelina de Lopez.” National Women’s History Museum, 2020. www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/maria-guadalupe-evangelina-de-lopez.
• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Cahill, Cathleen D. “Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin: Indigenizing the Federal Indian Service.” The American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 3, Summer 2013, 63–86.
• Cooney, Robert P. J., Jr. “A Brief Summary of the 1911 Campaign.” California Women Suffrage Centennial, https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/celebrating-womens-suffrage/california-women-suffrage-centennial.
• Johnson, Dr. C. Elisabeth Palmer. “Nellie May Quander, February 11, 1880–September 24, 1961.” Turning Point Suffrage Memorial, https://suffragistmemorial.org/nellie-may-quander-february-11-1880-september-24-1961/.
• Johnson, Kenneth R. “Kate Gordon and the Woman-Suffrage Movement in the South.” The Journal of Southern History 38, no. 3 (1972): 365–92. https://doi.org/10.2307/2206099.
• Jones, Martha S. Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All. New York: Basic Books, 2020.
• Terrell, Mary Church. A Colored Woman in a White World. New York: Humanity Books, 2005. Originally published in 1940.

Life Story: Carrie Williams Clifford

• Smith, J. (1992). Notable Black American Women, Book 2. Retrieved November 02, 2020, from https://books.google.com/books?id=ssMBzqrUpjwC 

Life Story: Alice Paul

• Alice Paul Institute, “Who Was Alice Paul?” https://www.alicepaul.org/about-alice-paul/ 
• Debra Michals, editor, “Alice Paul,” in National Women’s History Museum, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/alice-paul 

Life Story: Mary Church Terrell

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.Gordon, Linda. “Black and White Visions of Welfare: Women’s Welfare Activism, 1890–1945.” In Unequal Sisters: An Inclusive reader in U.S. Women’s History. edited by Vicki L/ Ruiz with Ellen Carol DuBois, 221-247. New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Terrell, Mary Church. A Colored Woman in a White World. Washington, D.C.: Ransdell, 1940.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.
• Jones, Martha S. Vanguard: How Black Women Broke Barriers, Won the Vote, and Insisted on Equality for All. New York: Basic Books, 2020.

Life Story: Jeannette Rankin

• Brozan, Nadine. “Crusading Forerunner of Women’s Lib,” The New York Times, January 24, 1972.
• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Harwell, Adrienne. “Pacifism.” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 127-128. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
• Pruden III, William H. “Jeannette Rankin (1880–1973).” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 139-140. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
• The United States House of Representatives. “RANKIN, Jeannette.” History, Art & Archives: United States House of Representatives. Accessed June 18, 2018. http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/R/RANKIN,-Jeannette-(R000055)/#assignments.

Life Story: Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
• Cahill, Cathleen D. “Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin: Indigenizing the Federal Indian Service.” The American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 3, Summer 2013, 63–86.

Life Story: Nina Otero-Warren

• Cahill, Cathleen D. Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

Activism and the Progressive Era

Social Housekeeping and Public Evils

• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Henrietta Industrial School

• Staff at Women at the Center, “Wayward Young Women and Fallen Sisters: Assisting Unhoused Women in 19th Century New York City,” https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/wayward-young-women-and-fallen-sisters 

Waged Work and Protective Laws

• Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
• Woloch, Nancy. Muller v. Oregon: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford Books, 1996.

Mexican Women Unionize

• García, Mario T. “The Chicana in American History: The Mexican Women of El Paso, 1880–1920: A Case Study.” Pacific Historical Review 49, no. 2 (1980): 315-337.
• Perales, Monica. “El Paso Laundry Strike.” In Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, 228-229. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Fighting for Healthy Women and Families

• Nation, Sarah. “Sanger, Margaret (1879-1966).” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 145-147. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
• Gordon, Linda. Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right: Birth Control in America. New York: Penguin Books, 1990.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

What is Feminism?

• Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987.
• “Feminists Ask for Equal Chance.” The New York Times, February 21, 1914.
• Schwartz, Judith. Radical Feminists of Heterodoxy: Greenwich Village, 1912–1940. Lebanon, NH: New Victorian Publishers, 1982.
• “Talk on Feminism Stirs a Great Crowd.” The New York Times. February 18, 1914.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Atlanta Neighborhood Union: Women Helping Women

• Gerda Lerner, “Early Community Work of Black Club Women,” Journal of Negro History (April 1974): 158-167; 
• Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996); 
• “‘Thy Neighbor as Thyself:’The Neighborhood Union Collection,” http://digitalexhibits.auctr. edu/exhibits/show/womenwhochangedatlanta/ neighborhoodunion (accessed 8-21-18).

Indigenous Women and the Temperance Movement

• Thomas J. Lappas, In League Against King Alcohol: Native American Women and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, 1874-1933. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020.
• Christa Rice, “Tribute to Louisa Jane Stapler, Daughter of Elijah Hicks,” in Explore Claremore History, 22 May 2020, https://exploreclaremorehistory.wordpress.com/2020/05/22/tribute-to-louisa-jane-stapler-daughter-of-elijah-hicks/ 

Mink Brigade

• National Park Service, “Mink Brigade,” https://www.nps.gov/people/mink-brigade.htm 

Kosher Meat Strike

• Jewish Women’s Archive, “Jewish women protest kosher meat prices on Lower East Side,” https://jwa.org/thisweek/may/15/1902/kosher-beef-boycott-of-1902 
• Tenement Museum, “Homemaker Activists,” https://www.tenement.org/homemaker-activists/ 

The Politics of Respectability

• Hicks, Cheryl D. “”‘In Danger of Becoming Morally Depraved’”: Single Black Women, Working-Class Black Families, and New York State’s Wayward Minor Laws, 1917-1928.”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 151, no. 6 (2003): 2077–2121. https://doi.org/10.2307/3313025.
• White, Deborah Gray. Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994. (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999).

Life Story: Elizabeth Cochrane (aka Nellie Bly)

• “Girl Reporter Derring-Do,” in Susan Ware, Modern American Women: A Documentary History, New York: McGraw Hill, 2002, pp. 4-7.
• Gale Virtual Reference Library, “Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman.” Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 14, Gale, 2004, pp. 78-80. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Accessed June 10, 2018.
• Domina, Thurston. “Muckraking.” St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 3, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 651-653. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Accessed June 11, June 2018.
• Macy, Sue. Bylines: A Photobiography of Nellie Bly. The National Geographic Society, 2009. Stevenson, Keira. 2017.

Life Story: Ellen Swallow Richards

• Richardson, Barbara. “Ellen Swallow Richards: ‘Humanistic Oekologist,’ ‘Applied Sociologist,’ and the Founding of Sociology.” The American Sociologist 33, no. 3 (2002): 21‑7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27700314.
• Titterington, Lynda C. “Richards, Ellen Swallow.” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 141-142. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Life Story: Jane Addams

• Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience. New York: New York, The McGraw Hill Companies, 2011.
• “Jane Addams-Biographical,” from Nobel Lectures, Peace 1926–1950, Editor Frederick W. Haberman, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1972.

Life Story: Emma Goldman

• “Emma Goldman,” in Jewish Women’s Archive.
• “The Emma Goldman Papers,” University of California, Berkeley, Library Archives. Accessed August 20, 2018.
• “Nellie Bly Again: Interviews with Emma Goldman,” New York World, September 17, 1893.
• Emma Goldman, “Woman Suffrage,” in Alix Kates Shulman, ed., Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader, 3rd edition. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press International, Inc. 1996, pp. 192-193 , 195.
• Alice Wexler Research Files on Emma Goldman, Tamiment Library, New York University, New York, TAM Box 1.
• “The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation,” in Susan Ware, Modern American Woman: A Documentary History. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002, pp. 89-93.

Life Story: Clara Lemlich

• Hendricks, Nancy. “New York City Garment Workers’ Strike (1909).” In Women in American History, Volume 3, edited by Peg A. Lamphier and Rosanne Welch, 118-120. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017.
• Orleck, Annelise. “Clara Lemlich Shavelson,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia edited by Jewish Women’s Archive.
• Orleck, Annelise. “From the Russian Pale to Labor Organizing in New York City,” in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past, edited by Linda K. Kerber, Jane Sherron de Hart, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, and Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, 361-376. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Life Story: Ida B. Wells-Barnett

• Mia Bay, To Tell the Truth Freely (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009); 
• Paula J. Giddings, Ida: A Sword Among Lions: Ida B. Wells and the Campaign Against Lynching (New York: Harper Collins, 2008); 
• “Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror,” Equal Justice Initiative, 2015, https://eji.org/reports/ lynching-in-america (accessed 2-27-18 by D. Jean-Louis); 
• Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda M. Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

Life Story: Maggie Walker

• Muriel Miller Branch, “Maggie Lena Walker,“ first published 2010, last modified 2018, https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/ Maggie_Lena_Walker_1864-1934 (accessed 3-28-18 by M. Waters)
• Elsa Barkely Brown, “Womanist Consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 14, no.3 (1989), 610-633; W. Asbury Christian, D.D., Richmond: Her Past and Present (Richmond, VA: L. H. Jenkins, 1912); 
• Jackson Ward Historic District, Richmond, VA, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/ jacksonwardhd.html (accessed 3-28-18 by M. Waters); 
• Gertrude Marlowe, A Right Worthy Grand Mission: Maggie Lena Walker and the Quest for Black Economic Empowerment (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 2003); 
• Monument Avenue Historic District, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/ nr/travel/richmond/monumentavehd.html (accessed 3-28-18 by M. Waters); 
• National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form, Charlotte Williams Memorial Hospital, http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/ Richmond/127-0395_Charlotte_Williams_ Memorial_Hospital_2004_Final_Nomination. pdf (accessed 3-16-18 by M. Waters); 
• U.S. Census, 1900, Census Reports, Volume I – Population, Part I, Section 10, Sex, General Nativity, and Color, p. 644, https://www. census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html (accessed 3-28-18 by M. Waters

Life Story: Jovita Idar Juarez

• González, Gabriela. “Idar Juárez, Jovita (1885–1946).” In Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, edited by Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, 336-337. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
• Lomas, Clara. “Transborder Discourse: The Articulation of Gender in the Borderlands in the Early Twentieth Century.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 24, no. 2/3 (2003): 51-74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3347347.

Life Story: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

• Iowa State University Archives of Women’s Political Communication, “Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,” https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/elizabeth-g-flynn/ 

Modern Womanhood

Women Without a Country

• Ann Marie Nicolosi. “”We Do Not Want Our Girls to Marry Foreigners”: Gender, Race, and American Citizenship.” NWSA Journal 13, no. 3 (2001): 1-21.
• Becker, Susan D. The American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (1999): 939.
• Cott, Nancy F. “Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934.” The American Historical Review 103, no. 5 (1998): 1440-474.
• Green, Nancy L. “Expatriation, Expatriates, and Expats: The American Transformation of a Concept.” The American Historical Review 114, no. 2 (2009): 307-28.
• Kerber, Linda K. “The Stateless as the Citizen’s Other: A View from the United States.” The American Historical Review 112, no. 1 (2007): Xvi-34.

Monuments to the Lost Cause

• David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); 
• W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: 1860-1880, (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935); 
• Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in NineteenthCentury America (Princeton, NY: Princeton University Press, 1997).

Recruiting Women to the War Effort

• Greenwald, Maurine. Women, War, and Work: The Impact of World War I on Women Workers in the US. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1980.
• Dumenil, Lynn. The Second Line of Defense: American Women and World War I. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2017.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Exercise and Functional Fashion

• Inness, Sherrie A. “‘It Is Pluck, But Is It Sense?’: Athletic Student Culture in Progressive Era Girls College Fiction.” Journal of Popular Culture, 27, 1 (Summer 1993): 99-123.
• Mintz, Steve. Huck’s Raft: A History of American Childhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Higher Education and the Domestic Sphere

• Sturgis, Cynthia. “‘How’re You Gonna Keep ’Em down on the Farm?’: Rural Women and the Urban Model in Utah.” Agricultural History, 60, no. 2 (1986): 182-199.
• Sturgis, Cynthia. “The Professionalization of Farm Women 1890–1940.” Women in Utah History. Edited by Patricia Lyn Scott, Lina Thatcher, and Susan Allred Whetstone. University Press of Colorado, 2005, pp. 154-182.

Housework and Electricity

• Schwartz Cowan, Ruth. “The Industrial Revolution in the Home: Household Technology and Social Change in the Twentieth Century,” in Linda Kerber ed. Women’s America: Refocusing the Past. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 401.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.

Black Social Workers at the French Front

• Chandler, Susan Kerr. “‘That Biting, Stinging Thing Which Ever Shadows Us’: African-American Social Workers in France during World War I.” Social Service Review 69, no. 3 (1995): 498-514.
• Rief, Michelle. “Thinking Locally, Acting Globally: The International Agenda of African American Clubwomen, 1880–1940.” The Journal of African American History 89, no. 3 (2004): 203-22.

Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls

• New-York Historical Society, “Clara Driscoll and the Tiffany Girls,”  https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/tiffany-girls 

Women and Modern Art

• Rowland Elzea, “Commentary on Sunday, Women Drying Their Hair,” https://addison.andover.edu/search-the-collection/?embark_query=/objects-1/info?query=mfs%20all%20%22Sunday,%20Women%20Drying%20Their%20Hair%22&sort=0&objectName=Sunday,%20Women%20Drying%20Their%20Hair 
• Smithsonian American Art Museum, “Artist Theresa Bernstein,”  https://americanart.si.edu/artist/theresa-bernstein-380 
• H. Barbara Weinberg, “The Ashcan School,” in The American Wing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 2010, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ashc/hd_ashc.htm 

Princess Dawn Mist

• Cathleen D. Cahill, Recasting the Vote: How Women of Color Transformed the Suffrage Movement (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

Life Story: Zitkala-Sa (aka Gertrude Simmons Bonnin)

• Wallace Adams, David. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1995.
• Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011.
• Zitkala-Sa. Excerpts from “Impressions of an Indiana Childhood,” “The Schools Days of an Indian Girl,” and “An Indian Teacher among Indians,” from Atlantic Monthly (January, February, March 1900), quoted in Women’s America: Refocusing the Past. Edited by Linda K. Kerber, Jane Sherron de Hart, Cornelia Hughes Dayton, and Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, 345-349. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Life Story: Janet Randolph

• Benjamin Anderson, Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, emails to Marjorie Waters, 3-9-18, 3-16-18, and 4-3-18; 
• David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Black Citizenship in the Age of Jim Crow 71 Source notes continued Press, rev. ed., 2002); 
• Brian Burns, Gilded Age Richmond: Gaiety, Greed & Lost Cause Mania (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2017); 
• John Coski, “The Life & Career of Mrs. Norman V. Randolph,” The Museum of the Confederacy Magazine, 2007; 
• Karen Cox, Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003); 
• Caroline Janney, Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012); “The Jefferson Davis Monument,” Confederate Veteran, 1893, https://archive. org/stream/confederateveter10conf#page/132/ mode/2up (accessed 3-26-18 by A. Bellows); 

• Heath Hardage Lee, Winnie Davis: Daughter of the Lost Cause (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), http://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/ potomac/9781612346373 (accessed 3-26-18 by A. Bellows);
• Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, 1900, https://www.census.gov/ population/www/documentation/twps0027/ tab13.txt (accessed 4-1-18 by M. Waters); A Souvenir Book of the Jefferson Davis Memorial Association and the Unveiling of the Monument, Richmond, Va., June 3, 1907, https://archive. org/details/cu31924030945020 (accessed 5-5- 18 by M. Waters); 
• “Women and Confederate Culture on Monument Avenue,” American Civil War Museum Blog, September 5, 2017, https:// onmonumentave.com/blog/2017/9/5/womenand-confederate-culture-on-monument-avenue (accessed 3-26-18 by A. Bellows); 
• Richmond Time-Dispatch, April 27, 1924; US Federal Census, 1860, Slave Schedules, ancestry.com

Life Story: Sarah “Madam C.J.” Breedlove Walker

• Bundles, A’Lelia. On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker. New York: Washington Square Press, 2001.
• Peiss, Kathy. “Making Faces: The Cosmetics Industry and the Cultural Construction of Gender, 1890–1930.” In Unequal Sisters: An Inclusive Reader in U.S. Women’s History, edited by Vicki L. Ruiz with Ellen Carol DuBois, 342-362. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Life Story: Angelina Weld Grimké

• poets.org, “Angelina Weld Grimké,”  https://poets.org/poet/angelina-weld-grimke 
• Roundabout Theatre Company, “About the Playwright,” 22 April 2021, https://www.roundabouttheatre.org/about/our-blog/angelina-weld-grimke-a-biography/ 

Life Story: Jessie Tarbox Beals

• Beverly W. Brannan, for Library of Congress, “Jessie Tarbox Beals (1870-1942) Biographical Essay,” January 2011,  https://www.loc.gov/rr//print/coll/womphotoj/bealsessay.html#note2