Art Activities
Home Improvements
Some U.S. inventors of the Industrial Revolution focused on how to bring the wonders of mechanization into the home to relieve the burdens of daily live. One major advancement was the home washing machine.
Washing laundry by hand was extremely labor and time intensive. It was such a hated chore that any woman who could afford it hired someone else to do it for them. The home washing machine cut down on physical labor needed to wash clothing. Instead of individually scrubbing and wringing each piece of clothing by hand, a woman could turn a crank and let the machine do it for her. The home washing machine of the mid-19th century was not perfect. It still required physical labor, and only wealthy women could afford to own one. But it was an important first step in using the innovations of the Industrial Revolution to relieve the heavy burdens of housekeeping.
To read and download the lesson plan for this art activity, click here.
The Mansion of Happiness
The Industrial Revolution that took place in the 19th century transformed every aspect of life in the United States, including how people spent their free time. Jobs outside the traditional family farm provided workers with both expendable income and free time. At the same time, the rise of factory production meant that there were many new and inexpensive ways for people to entertain themselves.
Early improvements in printing and papermaking made board games one of the first forms of popular entertainment of the industrial era. Simple card games could be purchased for as little as twenty five cents (equivalent to $10 today).
To read and download the lesson plan for this art activity, click here.
Source Notes
The Poetry of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
- Parker, Robert Dale, ed. The Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Skies. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
Commandments to California Wives
- Noy, Gary. Gold Rush Stories: 49 Tales of Seekers, Scoundrels, Loss, and Luck. (Berkley, California: Heyday, 2017).
Choosing Enslavement in Texas
- Boswell, Angela. “Traveling the Wrong Way Down Freedom’s Trail: Black Women and the Texas Revolution.” In Women and the Texas Revolution, ed. by Mary L. Scheer. (Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2012).
- Winegarten, Ruthe. Black Texas Women: A Sourcebook. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1996).
Claiming Freedom in Minnesota
- Green, William D. “Eliza Winston and the Politics of Freedom in Minnesota 1854-1860.” Minnesota Historical Society, http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/57/v57i03p106-122.pdf.
Handcart Pioneers
- Hafen, Mary Ann. Recollections of a Handcart Pioneer of 1860. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983).
On the Wagon Train
- Schlissel, Lillian. Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey. (New York: Schocken Books, 2004).
Western Indigenous Clothing
- U.S. Department of the Interior. “Treasures of the IACB.” Published August 8, 2019. https://www.doi.gov/iacb/treasures-iacb-lakota-vest-ca-1880#:~:text=Vests%20were%20not%20worn%20by,Growing%20Thunder%202019%3A143
- RISD Museum. “Apsáalooke (Crow) Native North American.” https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection/umbilical-amulet-43111
- Gilcrease Museum. “Apache Women in Their Best.” https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/43277556-0?position=1&list=0kPGweNfVU6VEJpd28a9Ju89x7iTnGJMtRh39TkOAm8
- National Museum of the American Indian. “Eastern Shoshone Girl’s Dress.” https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/california-greatbasin/197485.html
- National Museum of the American Indian. “Walla Walla Dress.” https://americanindian.si.edu/exhibitions/infinityofnations/plains-plateau/001048.html
- Houston Museum of Natural Science. “Wearable Art. Plains Indian Clothing and Accessories from the Gordon Smith Collection.” https://www.hmns.org/museumonlineexhibition/?section=Clothing
- National Museum of the American Indian. “Amie and Carrie, Kiawah.” https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-097-ref517
- National Museum of the American Indian. “Lissie and Oliver Woodard.” https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-097-ref513?destination=archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-097-ref517
- Kravis Discovery Center, Gilcrease Museum. Lakota Sioux Beaded Girl’s Dress with Umbilical Cord Lizard-shaped Bag, circa 1870. https://collections.gilcrease.org/object/841795
Navajo “Slave” Blanket
- Autry Museum of the American West. “Slave Blanket.” http://collections.theautry.org/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=M225396;type=101
- McLerran, Jennifer. “Stabilization of Navajo Slave Blanket.” The Authentic Tribal Art Dealers. https://atada.org/atada-blog/2017/10/8/1fcmj4t75wbzuk4ifo3jnxbzr6ff47-cd9dr-3yn4g
- Brooks, James F. Captives & Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
Sex Trafficking
- Cilker, Noel C. “Primary Source: 19th Century Human Trafficking.” https://noelccilker.medium.com/primary-source-19th-century-human-trafficking-4dcfd9a9114f
- Roberts, Dmae, interview. “Transcript, Judy Yung on Chinese Prostitution – Frontier Women.” Crossing East Archive. http://www.crossingeast.org/crossingeastarchive/2017/03/26/judy-yung-on-chinese-prostitution/
- Yung, Judy. Chinese Women of America: A Pictorial History. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986).
Suffrage in Wyoming
- Tetrault, Lisa. The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848-1898. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014).
- Schons, Mary. “Woman Suffrage.” National Geographic Resource Library, May 20, 2022. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/woman-suffrage
Life Story: Elizabeth Shoeboots
- Miles, Tiya. The Ties That Bind (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015).
- Krauthamer, Barbara. Black Slaves, Indian Masters. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
- Purdue, Theda. Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998).
Life Story: Keziah Grier
- Cox, Anna-Lisa. The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America’s Forgotten Black Pioneers and the Struggle for Equality. (New York: Public Affairs, 2018).
Life Story: Maria Gertrudis Barceló
- Belohlavek, John M. Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican American War. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017).
- Gonzalez, Deena J. “Gertudis Barcelo: La Tules of Image and Reality.” In Latina Legacies: Identity, Biography, and Community, ed. by Vicki L. Ruiz and Virginia Sanchez Korrol. (New York, Oxford University Press, 2005).
- Shapland, Jen. “New Mexico Women: Maria Gertudis Barcelo.” Southwest Contemporary, July 30, 2018. https://southwestcontemporary.com/maria-gertrudis-barcel/.
Life Story: Molley Dorsey Sanford
- Sanford, Mollie Dorsey. Mollie: The Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford in Nebraska and Colorado Territories. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1959). https://archive.org/stream/molliethejournal013087mbp/molliethejournal013087mbp_djvu.txt
- Scott, Barbara Bamberger. “Mollie Dorsey Sanford: Frontier Wife, Frontier Wife.” Homestead.org, 1997. https://www.homestead.org/homesteading-history/mollie-dorsey-sanford-frontier-wife-frontier-life/
Life Story: Sarah Winnemucca
- Stremlau, Rosemarie. “Rape Narratives on the North American Frontier: Sarah Winnemucca, Sexual Sovereignty, and Economic Autonomy, 1844-1981.” In Portraits of Women in the American West, ed. by Dee Garceau-Hagen (New York: Routledge, 2005).
- Eves, Rosalyn. “Sarah Winnemucca Devoted Her Life to Protecting Native Americans in the Face of an Expanding United States.” Smithsonian Magazine, July 27, 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/sarah-winnemucca-devoted-life-protecting-lives-native-americans-face-expanding-united-states-180959930/
- Martin, Nicole. “Sarah Winnemucca.” National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/people/sarah-winnemucca.htm
Life Story: Ah Yuen
- Waggener, Leslie. “Wyoming’s China Mary.” Discover History, February 8, 2021. https://ahcwyo.org/2021/02/08/wyomings-china-mary/
- Merritt, Christopher. “Ah Yuen, A Rare Historical Find.” Women Making Utah History. https://www.utahwomenshistory.org/bios/ah-yuen/
- Yung, Judy. Chinese Women of America: A Pictorial History. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986).
The Mansion of Happiness
- Hofer, Margaret. The Games We Played: The Golden Age of Board and Table Games. (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002).
- Lepore, Jill. The Mansion of Happiness: A History of Life and Death. (New York: Vintage Books, 2013).
Rules for Mill Workers
- Massachusetts Historical Society. “Object of the Month: Regulations to be Observed by Persons Employed in the Boott Cotton Mills,” March 2012 https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/regulations-to-be-observed-by-persons-employed-in-the-boott-cotton-mills-2012-03-01
- Kessler-Harris, Alice. Women Have Always Worked Second Edition. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018).
The Weeping Time
- Baily, Anne C. The Weeping Time. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017).
In Their Own Words
- Kessler-Harris, Alice. Women Have Always Worked Second Edition. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018).
- Dublin, Thomas. “Women, Work, and Protest in the Early Lowell Mills.” In The Working Class and its Culture, ed. by Neil L. Shumsky. (New York: Routledge, 1995).
The Factory Floor
- Brown, John. Memoir of Robert Blincoe, An Orphan Boy. (Manchester: J. Doherty, 1832).
Ice Cream Maker Patent
- Johnson, Nancy Maria. 1843. Artificial Freezer U.S. Patent No. 3,254 Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- International Dairy Foods Association. “The History of Ice Cream.” https://www.idfa.org/the-history-of-ice-cream
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004).
Urbanization
- Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987).
- Diner, Hasia R. Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the 19th Century. (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1983).
- Unknown Artist. The Five Points. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/20891?sortBy=Relevance&what=Paintings&od=on&ft=*&offset=0&rpp=100&pos=58
- Anbinder, Tyler. Five Points: The 19th Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum. (New York: Plume Books, 2002).
Home Improvements
- Shaker Museum Mount Lebanon. “The Shaker Improved Washing Machine.” https://shakerml.wordpress.com/2016/07/20/the-shaker-improved-washing-machine/
Depicting Domestics
- Diner, Hasia R. Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the 19th Century. (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1983).
- Gallati, Barbara Dayer. “William Henry Burr, The Intelligence Office, 1849.” In Making American Taste: Narrative Art for a New Democracy, ed. by Barbara Dayer Gallati. (London: D. Giles Limited, 2011).
Climate Warning
- Huddleston, Amara. “Happy 200th Birthday to Eunice Foote, Hidden Climate Science Pioneer.” Climate.gov, July 17, 2017 https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer
- Ortiz, Joseph D. and Jackson Roland. “Understanding Eunice Foote’s 1856 experiments: Heat Absorption by Atmospheric Gases. ” Notes Rec. 76 (2022): 67–84. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2020.0031
Nativism
- Castillo, Dennis. “The Enduring Legacy of Maria Monk.” American Catholic Studies 112, no. 1/4 (2001): 49–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44195591
Life Story: Elizabeth Cogley
- “Women Telegraph Operators in the Civil War.” http://www.civilwarsignals.org/pages/tele/pages/women.html
- Jepsen, Thomas. “The Forgotten Revolution: Women and Telegraphy in Pennsylvania.” Pennsylvania Heritage, summer 2004 http://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/forgotten-revolution-women-telegraphy-pennsylvania/
Life Story: Margaret Haughery
- Diner, Hasia R. Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the 19th Century. (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1983).
- Rogers, Rosemary. “The Mother of Orphans.” Irish American Magazine, June/July 2016 https://www.irishamerica.com/2016/06/the-mother-of-orphans/
- Randolph Jenkins, Regina. “Margaret Haughery,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 9 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.) 17 Aug. 2022 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09652d.htm
- Luck, Adrienne. “Margaret Haughery: “Friend of the Orphans.” https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/477
- The Historic New Orleans Collection. “Margaret Haughery.” https://www.hnoc.org/virtual/voices-progress/margaret-haughery
Life Story: Afong Moy
- Davis, Nancy E. The Chinese Lady: Afong Moy in Early America. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019).
- August, Linda Kimiko. “Remembering Afong Moy.” The Library Company of Philadelphia. https://librarycompany.org/2021/02/01/remembering-afong-moy/
Life Story: Ernestine Rose
- Anderson, Bonnie S. The Rabbi’s Atheist Daughter: Ernestine Rose, International Feminist Pioneer. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).
Campaign Against Indian Removal
- Beecher, Catharine. Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, Addressed to Miss A. D. Grimke. (Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 1837). http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/abolitn/abesceba2t.html (accessed by M. Waters, 10-26-2016)
- Purdue, Theda. The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents, rev. ed. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2016).
- Portnoy, Alisse. Their Right to Speak: Women’s Activism in the Indian and Slave Debates. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
- Miles, Tiya. “‘Circular Reasoning’: Recentering Cherokee Women in the Antiremoval Campaigns.” American Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2009): 221–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27734988.
- Mathes, Valerie Sherer. “New York Women and Indian Reform.” New York History 94, no. 1–2 (2013): 84–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/newyorkhist.94.1-2.84.
A Singular Case
- Manion, Jen. Female Husbands: A Trans History. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
- Cleves, Rachel Hope. “‘What, Another Female Husband?’: The Prehistory of Same-Sex Marriage in America.” The Journal of American History 101, no. 4 (2015): 1055–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44285272.
Evolving Fashion
- Cook, Sylvia Jenkins. “‘Oh Dear! How the Factory Girls Do Rig Up!’: Lowell’s Self-Fashioning Workingwomen.” The New England Quarterly 83, no. 2 (2010): 219–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20752692.
- Klassen, Pamela E. “The Robes of Womanhood: Dress and Authenticity among African American Methodist Women in the Nineteenth Century.” Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 14, no. 1 (2004): 39–82. https://doi.org/10.1525/rac.2004.14.1.39.
- Prescott, Cynthia Culver. Gender and Generation on the Far Western Frontier. (University of Arizona Press, 2007). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2jhjwnr.
- “Amelia Bloomer – Publisher and Advocate for Woman’s Rights.” Copied from the Historical Files maintained by the National Park Service. The Social Welfare History Project, http:// socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/biography/bloomer-amelia/ (accessed by M. Waters, 11-1-2016)
- Ginzberg, Lori D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life. (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009).
- Wellman, Judith. The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Woman’s Rights Convention. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
Why Sit Ye Here and Die?
- Fraser, R. and M. Griffin, “‘Why Sit Ye Here and Die’? Counterhegemonic Histories of the Black Female Intellectual in Nineteenth-Century America.” Journal of American Studies, 2020, 54(5), https://dro.dur.ac.uk/29982/1/29982.pdf?DDD2+cwxv81+kswl88
- Cooper, Valerie C. Word, Like Fire: Maria Stewart, the Bible, and the Rights of African Americans. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011).
- Nielsen, Euell A. “Maria W. Miller Stewart.” Black Past, February 11, 2007 https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/stewart-maria-miller-1803-1879/
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
- Davis, Sue. The Political Thought of Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Women’s Rights and the American Political Traditions. (New York: NYU Press, 2008). http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgdzp.
- Field, Corine T. The Struggle for Equal Adulthood. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014).
- Tetrault, Lisa. The Myth of Seneca Falls (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014).
Indigenous Land Ownership
- Pawling, Micah A. “A ‘Labyrinth of Uncertainties’: Penobscot River Islands, Land Assignments, and Indigenous Women Proprietors in Nineteenth-Century Maine.” American Indian Quarterly 42, no. 4 (2018): 454–87. https://doi.org/10.5250/amerindiquar.42.4.0454.
- Staples, Beth. “Penobscot Women and the Tribal Land Tenure System in 19th Century Maine,” UMaine News, February 21, 2020 https://umaine.edu/news/blog/2020/02/21/penobscot-women-and-the-tribal-land-tenure-system-in-19th-century-maine/
“The Two Sexes”
- McCall, Laura. “‘The Reign of Brute Force Is Now Over’: A Content Analysis of ‘Godey’s Lady’s Book’, 1830-1860.” Journal of the Early Republic 9, no. 2 (1989): 217–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/3123204
- Pilditch, Jan. “‘Fashionable Female Studies’: The Popular Dissemination of Science in ‘Godey’s Lady’s Book’, 1830-60.” Australasian Journal of American Studies 24, no. 1 (2005): 20–37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41416023
No Place for Black Women
- Jones, Martha S. All Bound Up Together: The Women Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
Theatrical Scandal
- “Mark Twain Review Adah Isaacs Menken in the West.” Mark Twain in the West, 2015 https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/mtwest/sf_review.html
- Ackerman, Alan. “Adah Isaacs Menken.” Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women. 31 December 1999. Jewish Women’s Archive. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/menken-adah-isaacs
Abortion Debate
- Abbott, Karen. “Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue.” Smithsonian Magazine, November 27, 2012 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/madame-restell-the-abortionist-of-fifth-avenue-145109198/
- Browder, Clifford. The Wickedest Woman in New York: Madame Restell, the Abortionist. (Archon Books, 1988).
Testimonio
- Roybal, Karen R. Archives of Dispossession: Recovering the Testimonios of Mexican American Herederas 1848-1960. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2017).
Married Women’s Property Act
- Howe, LeeAnne. “Betsy Love and the Mississippi Married Women’s Property Act of 1839.” Mississippi History Now, June 2005, https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/betsy-love-and-the-mississippi-married-womens-property-act-of-1839
The First Lady of American Astronomy
- Sims, Michael. “She was a Quaker and Self-taught Astronomer with a Radical Idea: The Stars Belong to Us All.” The Boston Globe, February 3, 2022, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/she-was-a-quaker-and-self-taught-astronomer-with-a-radical-idea-the-stars-belong-to-us-all/ar-AATrgmH
- Tretkoff, Ernie. “This Month In Physics History: October 1847. Maria Mitchell Discovers a Comet.” American Physical Society News, Vol. 15, No. 9 (October 2006) https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200610/history.cfm
Life Story: Mary Ann Shadd Cary
- Jones, Martha S. All Bound Up Together: The Women Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
- Rhodes, Jane. Mary Ann Shadd Cary: The Black Press and Protest in the Nineteenth Century. (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1998).
- Yee, Shirley J. “Finding A Place: Mary Ann Shadd Cary and the Dilemmas of Black Migration to Canada, 1850-1870.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 18, No. 3 (1997): 1-16.
- “Mary Ann Shadd Cary,” National Women’s Hall of Fame. https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/mary-ann-shadd-cary/
- Specia, Megan. “Overlooked No More: How Mary Ann Shadd Cary Shook Up the Abolitionist Movement.” The New York Times, June 6, 2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/06/obituaries/mary-ann-shadd-cary-abolitionist-overlooked.html
Life Story: Dorothea Dix
- Giesberg, Judith Ann. Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women’s Politics in Transition. (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000).
- Greenstone, J. David. “Dorothea Dix and Jane Addams: From Transcendentalism to Pragmatism in American Social Reform.” Social Service Review 53, no. 4 (1979): 527–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30015778
- Field, Peter S. “Review of Less than Meets the Eye: The Strange Career of Dorothea Dix, by Thomas J. Brown.” Reviews in American History 27, no. 3 (1999): 389–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30031077
- Perry, Manon S. “Dorothea Dix (1802-1887).” National Library of Medicine, April 2006 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470530/
- Desrochers, Alyssa. “Dorothea Dix: Mental Health Reformer and Civil War Nurse.” Smithsonian Institution Archives, March 29, 2012 https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/dorothea-dix-mental-health-reformer-and-civil-war-nurse,
- Dix, Dorothea. “Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts,” 1846, https://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/lib/detail.html?id=737&page=all
Life Story: Caroline Gahano Parker
- Gutierrez, Jeanne. “Indigenous People’s Day: Honoring Caroline Gahano Parker, Indigenous Artist.” New-York Historical Society Women at the Center Blog, October 8, 2021 https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/indigenous-peoples-day-honoring-caroline-parker-haudenosaunee-artist
- Holler, Deborah R. “The Remarkable Caroline G. Parker Mountpleasant, Seneca Wolf Clan.” Western New York Heritage, April 15, 2011 https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzhWNQKRKd3MWnMzQWdLX0tGVGc/view?resourcekey=0-NFq4-8zGwMwW1qosQAXu0w
Life Story: Susan Clark
- Clark, Jean. “Susan Clark (1854-1925).” Discover Muscatine, 9/19/2020 https://discovermuscatine.com/susan-clark-1854-1925/
- Silag, Bill, Susan Koch Bridgford, and Hal Chase. Outside In: African-American History in Iowa, pg. 72-73, 2001. Courtesy of State Historical Society of Iowa.
- Frese, Stephen J. “Clark, Alexander G.,” The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa. http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=62
Life Story: Madame Restell
- Browder, Clifford. The Wickedest Woman in New York. (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1988).
- Abott, Karen. “Madame Restell: The Abortionist of Fifth Avenue.” Smithsonian Magazine, November 27, 2012 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/madame-restell-the-abortionist-of-fifth-avenue-145109198/
Suggested Reading
Books and Articles
- Brooks, James F. Captives & Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
- Cox, Anna-Lisa. The Bone and Sinew of the Land: America’s Forgotten Black Pioneers and the Struggle for Equality. (New York: Public Affairs, 2018).
- Diner, Hasia R. Erin’s Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the 19th Century. (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1983).
- Jones, Martha S. All Bound Up Together: The Women Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007).
- Kessler-Harris, Alice. Women Have Always Worked Second Edition. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2018).
- Krauthamer, Barbara. Black Slaves, Indian Masters. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).
- Manion, Jen. Female Husbands: A Trans History. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020).
- Miles, Tiya. The Ties That Bind (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015).
- Portnoy, Alisse. Their Right to Speak: Women’s Activism in the Indian and Slave Debates. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
- Purdue, Theda. Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1998).
- Schlissel, Lillian. Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey. (New York: Schocken Books, 2004).
- Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987).
- Tetrault, Lisa. The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1848-1898. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2014).