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      • 1492-1734 Early Encounters
          • Nicolás Enríquez de Vargas (artist), Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, ca. 1750. Oil on canvas. Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City.

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            • Dutch Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • English Colonies
              • Key Ideas
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              • Life Stories
            • Spanish Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • French Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1692-1783 Settler Colonialism and the Revolution
          • François (Franz) Fleischbein (artist), Portrait of Betsy, 1837. The Historic New Orleans Collection, acc. no. 1985.212.

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            • Settler Colonialism
              • Key Ideas
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            • The American Revolution
              • Key Ideas
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      • 1776-1831 Building a New Nation
          • Jarena Lee, 1849. Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee: giving an account of her call to preach the gospel, frontispiece. Engraving. New-York Historical Society Library.

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            • Navigating the New Government
              • Key Ideas
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            • American Woman
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • Early Expansion
              • Key Ideas
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              • Life Stories
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      • 1820-1869 Expansions and Inequalities
          • Unknown photographer, A Typical Boomer Family, ca. 1890. New-York Historical Society.

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            • Westward Expansion
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            • Industry and Immigration
              • Key Ideas
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            • Politics and Society
              • Key Ideas
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      • 1832-1877 A Nation Divided
          • Unidentified African American woman in uniform, 1861. New-York Historical Society Library.

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            • Antebellum
              • Key Ideas
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            • Civil War
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            • Reconstruction
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      • 1866-1904 Industry and Empire
          • Cihak and Zima (photographer), Ida B. Wells-Barnett, ca. 1893-1894. University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.

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            • Labor and Industry
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            • Fighting for Equality
              • Key Ideas
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              • Life Stories
            • Expansion and Empire
              • Key Ideas
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      • 1889–1920 Modernizing America
          • Gertrude Kasebier (photographer), Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist, c. 1898. Gertrude Kasebier, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

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            • Modern Womanhood
              • Key Ideas
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              • Life Stories
            • Fighting For Social Reform
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • Woman Suffrage
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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              • Life Stories
            • Xenophobia and Racism
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1920–1948 Confidence and Crises
          • Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997), professor of physics at Columbia University, 1963. Smithsonian Institute Archives Image # SIA 2010-1509.

            • Overview
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            • Jazz Age
              • Key Ideas
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            • Great Depression
              • Key Ideas
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            • World War II
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • Post-War
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
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            • Supplemental Materials
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      • 1948–1977 Growth and Turmoil
          • “Oportunidades Iguales Para Las Mujeres En El Trabajo y La Educaccion”, Women’s Strike for Equality, New York, Fifth Avenue, 1970, Eugene Gordon photograph collection, 1970-1990. New-York Historical Society Library.

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            • Cold War Beginnings
              • Key Ideas
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            • Growing Tensions
              • Key Ideas
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            • Feminism and the Backlash
              • Key Ideas
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            • Supplemental Materials
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      • 1977-2001 End of the Twentieth Century
          • Astronaut Ellen Ochoa, mission specialist, carries her son Wilson Miles-Ochoa following the STS-96 crew return at Ellington Field. June 7, 1999. NASA on The Commons, via flickr

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            • A Conservative Turn
              • Key Ideas
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            • The Information Age
              • Key Ideas
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  • Discover More
    • Art Activities
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Science, Technology, and Medicine

  • Housework and Electricity
    Gallery

    Housework and Electricity

Housework and Electricity

An illustration that raises questions about the role of women in social reform and outlines the social evils many middle-class citizens feared.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T17:44:42-04:00
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  • Exercise and Functional Fashion
    Gallery

    Exercise and Functional Fashion

Exercise and Functional Fashion

Three outfits representative of the fashions designed to support women as they engaged in new forms of recreation, including bicycling and exercise classes. A companion art activity accompanies this resource.

Allyson Schettino2022-07-08T17:40:16-04:00
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  • Patent for Cleaning and Curing Corn
    Gallery

    Patent for Cleaning and Curing Corn

Patent for Cleaning and Curing Corn

The first patent issued to an English colonist was for a new invention created by Philadelphian inventor Sybilla Masters. The patent was filed under her husband’s name because women could not be legally recognized.

Basya Kasinitz2022-07-08T10:29:48-04:00
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