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  • About
    • WAMS in Your Classroom
    • Upcoming Workshops
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    • Center for Women's History
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  • Curriculum
      • 1492-1734 Early Encounters
          • Nicolás Enríquez de Vargas (artist), Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, ca. 1750. Oil on canvas. Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Dutch Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • English Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Spanish Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • French Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1692-1783 Settler Colonialism and the Revolution
          • François (Franz) Fleischbein (artist), Portrait of Betsy, 1837. The Historic New Orleans Collection, acc. no. 1985.212.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Settler Colonialism
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • The American Revolution
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1776-1831 Building a New Nation
          • Jarena Lee, 1849. Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee: giving an account of her call to preach the gospel, frontispiece. Engraving. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Navigating the New Government
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • American Woman
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Early Expansion
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1820-1869 Expansions and Inequalities
          • Unknown photographer, A Typical Boomer Family, ca. 1890. New-York Historical Society.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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              • Explore By Theme
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            • Westward Expansion
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Industry and Immigration
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Politics and Society
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1832-1877 A Nation Divided
          • Unidentified African American woman in uniform, 1861. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Antebellum
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Civil War
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Reconstruction
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1866-1904 Industry and Empire
          • Cihak and Zima (photographer), Ida B. Wells-Barnett, ca. 1893-1894. University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Labor and Industry
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Fighting for Equality
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Expansion and Empire
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1889–1920 Modernizing America
          • Gertrude Kasebier (photographer), Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist, c. 1898. Gertrude Kasebier, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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              • Explore By Theme
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            • Modern Womanhood
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Fighting For Social Reform
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Woman Suffrage
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Xenophobia and Racism
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1920–1948 Confidence and Crises
          • Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997), professor of physics at Columbia University, 1963. Smithsonian Institute Archives Image # SIA 2010-1509.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Jazz Age
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Great Depression
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • World War II
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Post-War
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1948–1977 Growth and Turmoil
          • “Oportunidades Iguales Para Las Mujeres En El Trabajo y La Educaccion”, Women’s Strike for Equality, New York, Fifth Avenue, 1970, Eugene Gordon photograph collection, 1970-1990. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Cold War Beginnings
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
            • Life Stories
            • Growing Tensions
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Feminism and the Backlash
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1977-2001 End of the Twentieth Century
          • Astronaut Ellen Ochoa, mission specialist, carries her son Wilson Miles-Ochoa following the STS-96 crew return at Ellington Field. June 7, 1999. NASA on The Commons, via flickr

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • A Conservative Turn
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • The Information Age
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
  • Discover More
    • Art Activities
    • Lesson Plans
    • Open Educator Resource
    • Video Library
    • WAMSbassadors
    • Columbia University MOOC Lectures

Science, Technology, and Medicine

  • Nursing
    Gallery

    Nursing

Nursing

Four primary sources that illustrate the experiences of women nurses during the Civil War.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T13:55:07-04:00
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  • Life Story: Elizabeth Blackwell
    Gallery

    Life Story: Elizabeth Blackwell

Life Story: Elizabeth Blackwell

The story of the first woman to graduate from a U.S. medical college.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T14:27:25-04:00
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  • Life Story: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper, 1906-1992
    Gallery

    Life Story: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper, 1906-1992

Life Story: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper, 1906-1992

The story of a world-famous computer programmer whose impressive career in STEM began when she joined the war effort.

Lee Boomer2022-07-09T12:25:56-04:00
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  • Aspirations and Career Goals
    Gallery

    Aspirations and Career Goals

Aspirations and Career Goals

Amelia Earhart’s advice to a young aspiring adventurer.

Lee Boomer2022-07-09T12:02:49-04:00
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  • Housework and Social Science
    Gallery

    Housework and Social Science

Housework and Social Science

Charts used in a scientific study of farm housewives in Oregon in 1928.

Lee Boomer2022-07-09T11:14:38-04:00
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  • Life Story: Susanna Wright
    Gallery

    Life Story: Susanna Wright

Life Story: Susanna Wright

The story of a Quaker scientist, poet, and innovator.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:31:11-04:00
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  • Life Story: Ellen Swallow Richards
    Gallery

    Life Story: Ellen Swallow Richards

Life Story: Ellen Swallow Richards

The story of a brilliant and prolific MIT-trained chemist who fought for healthier homes and communities through the home economics movement.

Josh Balasa2022-07-08T18:00:19-04:00
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  • Life Story: Sarah “Madam C.J.” Breedlove Walker
    Gallery

    Life Story: Sarah “Madam C.J.” Breedlove Walker

Life Story: Sarah “Madam C.J.” Breedlove Walker

The story of America’s first self-made Black female millionaire and how she built a beauty empire that celebrated and empowered Black women.

Hsien Tan2022-07-08T17:57:42-04:00
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