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  • About
    • WAMS in Your Classroom
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  • Curriculum
      • 1492-1734 Early Encounters
          • Nicolás EnrĂ­quez de Vargas (artist), Portrait of Sor Juana InĂ©s de la Cruz, ca. 1750. Oil on canvas. Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Dutch Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • English Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Spanish Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • French Colonies
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1692-1783 Settler Colonialism and the Revolution
          • François (Franz) Fleischbein (artist), Portrait of Betsy, 1837. The Historic New Orleans Collection, acc. no. 1985.212.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Settler Colonialism
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • The American Revolution
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1776-1831 Building a New Nation
          • Jarena Lee, 1849. Religious Experience and Journal of Mrs. Jarena Lee: giving an account of her call to preach the gospel, frontispiece. Engraving. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Navigating the New Government
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • American Woman
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Early Expansion
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1820-1869 Expansions and Inequalities
          • Unknown photographer, A Typical Boomer Family, ca. 1890. New-York Historical Society.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Westward Expansion
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Industry and Immigration
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Politics and Society
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1832-1877 A Nation Divided
          • Unidentified African American woman in uniform, 1861. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
              • Explore By Theme
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            • Antebellum
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Civil War
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Reconstruction
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1866-1904 Industry and Empire
          • Cihak and Zima (photographer), Ida B. Wells-Barnett, ca. 1893-1894. University of Chicago Library, Special Collections Research Center.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Labor and Industry
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Fighting for Equality
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Expansion and Empire
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1889–1920 Modernizing America
          • Gertrude Kasebier (photographer), Zitkala Sa, Sioux Indian and activist, c. 1898. Gertrude Kasebier, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
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            • Modern Womanhood
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Fighting For Social Reform
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Woman Suffrage
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Xenophobia and Racism
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1920–1948 Confidence and Crises
          • Chien-shiung Wu (1912-1997), professor of physics at Columbia University, 1963. Smithsonian Institute Archives Image # SIA 2010-1509.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
              • Explore By Section
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            • Jazz Age
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Great Depression
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • World War II
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Post-War
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1948–1977 Growth and Turmoil
          • “Oportunidades Iguales Para Las Mujeres En El Trabajo y La Educaccion”, Women’s Strike for Equality, New York, Fifth Avenue, 1970, Eugene Gordon photograph collection, 1970-1990. New-York Historical Society Library.

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • Cold War Beginnings
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
            • Life Stories
            • Growing Tensions
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Feminism and the Backlash
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
      • 1977-2001 End of the Twentieth Century
          • Astronaut Ellen Ochoa, mission specialist, carries her son Wilson Miles-Ochoa following the STS-96 crew return at Ellington Field. June 7, 1999. NASA on The Commons, via flickr

            • Overview
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Unit Essential Questions
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            • A Conservative Turn
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • The Information Age
              • Key Ideas
              • Introduction
              • Section Essential Questions
              • Resources
              • Life Stories
            • Supplemental Materials
              • Art Activities
              • Source Notes
              • Suggested Reading
  • Discover More
    • Art Activities
    • Lesson Plans
    • Open Educator Resource
    • Video Library
    • WAMSbassadors
    • Columbia University MOOC Lectures

Immigration, Migration, and Settlement

  • The Great Migration
    Gallery

    The Great Migration

The Great Migration

Three photographs that document the experience of Black women and girls migrating from the rural South to Chicago.

Lee Boomer2022-07-09T11:18:25-04:00
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  • The Casket Girls
    Gallery

    The Casket Girls

The Casket Girls

This kind of trunk was provided to the poor, orphaned, and imprisoned French women who were shipped to colonial Louisiana to marry French settlers.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:08:52-04:00
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  • Frontier Diplomacy
    Gallery

    Frontier Diplomacy

Frontier Diplomacy

This engraving illustrates George Washington’s meeting with Seneca leader Queen Aliquippa, an important ally of the British during the French and Indian War.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:07:55-04:00
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  • Professional Portraitist
    Gallery

    Professional Portraitist

Professional Portraitist

Two works by artist Henrietta Johnston, the first professional female portraitist in the English colonies, illustrate the fashions and values of the eighteenth-century colonies.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:01:31-04:00
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  • Evacuating the Colonies
    Gallery

    Evacuating the Colonies

Evacuating the Colonies

This ledger records the biographical information about every enslaved or free Black person who evacuated New York with the British at the end of the war.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:52:02-04:00
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  • Life Story: Lady Deborah Moody
    Gallery

    Life Story: Lady Deborah Moody

Life Story: Lady Deborah Moody

The story of an English religious refugee who funded and founded her own settlement in New Netherland.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T10:23:14-04:00
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  • Life Story: Margrieta van Varick
    Gallery

    Life Story: Margrieta van Varick

Life Story: Margrieta van Varick

A Dutch merchant woman who traveled the world before settling in Flatbush and opening a shop to sell luxury goods.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T11:23:44-04:00
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  • Catalina Trico
    Gallery

    Catalina Trico

Catalina Trico

One of New Netherland’s first settlers recounts her earliest memories of life in the colony.

Lee Boomer2022-07-08T10:12:20-04:00
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